Please post full errors. “that indicate three tables do not exist in the db or have no content” sounds of interest but is hard to interpret without any details.
For (server-generated) 50x errors, also check your server/PHP error logs, typically available from a server control panel or an error_log file somewhere on the filesystem.
When installing, make sure to check the errors in the final step. There may also be a copy of the installation log in core/cache/logs; look for the timestamp in the file name.
My guess is the tables that are missing have a structure incompatible with the database version. Since MODX 2.5, database servers have become more strict by default and while MODX has adapted to that, you are installing an old version of MODX that doesn’t have those changes, so that might be why it fails to create them.
Could try installing the latest 2.8.3 nightly (as 2.8.2 has some issues and 2.8.3 hasn’t yet been released), and importing the database into that. Make sure to only import data, not structure. Might need some manual tweaking for incompatible data rows.